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Kerala - Wikipedia. This article is about the Indian state of Kerala. For the genus of moth, see Kerala (moth). Kerala. It was formed on 1 November 1. States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam- speaking regions. Spread over 3. 8,8. Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west.
With 3. 3,3. 87,6. Census, Kerala is the thirteenth- largest Indian state by population and is divided into 1. Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The region has been a prominent spice exporter since 3. BCE. The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks by the neighbouring Cholas and Pandyas.
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In the 1. 5th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, and paved the way for the European colonisation of India. After independence, Travancore and Cochin joined the Republic of India and Travancore- Cochin was given the status of a state in 1.
In 1. 95. 6, Kerala state was formed by merging Malabar district, Travancore- Cochin (excluding four southern taluks), and the taluk of Kasaragod (now Kasaragod District), South Kanara. Kerala has the lowest positive population growth rate in India, 3. Human Development Index (HDI), 0. The state has witnessed significant emigration, especially to Arab states of the Persian Gulf during the Gulf Boom of the 1. Malayali expatriate community. Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity.
The culture is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew and spices are important. The state's coastline extends for 5.
The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology. One popular theory derives "Kerala" from "Kera" (coconut tree in Malayalam) and "alam" is land, thus "land of. Manage your page to keep your users updated View some of our premium pages: google.com. Upgrade to a Premium Page.
The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English and Malayalam. Kerala is one of the prominent tourist destinations of India, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery as its major attractions. Etymology. One popular theory derives . This contradicts the theory that .
It is also mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the two Hindu epics. The Greco- Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to Keralaputra as Celobotra. According to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land.
The legend was later expanded, and found literary expression in the 1. Keralolpathi, which traces the origin of aspects of early Kerala society, such as land tenure and administration, to the story of Parasurama.
He won the war against the Devas, driving them into exile. The Devas pleaded before Lord Vishnu, who took his fifth incarnation as Vamana and pushed Mahabali down to Patala (the netherworld) to placate the Devas. There is a belief that, once a year during the Onam festival, Mahabali returns to Kerala. Marine fossils have been found in an area near Changanacherry, thus supporting the hypothesis. They are locally known as . Phoenicians established trade with Kerala during this period. Ays and Mushikas were two other dynasties of ancient Kerala, whose kingdoms lay to the south and north of Cheras respectively.
The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue). In the last centuries BCE the coast became important to the Greeks and Romans for its spices, especially black pepper. The Cheras had trading links with China, West Asia, Egypt, Greece, and the Roman Empire. One of the earliest western traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala was Eudoxus of Cyzicus, around 1. BCE, under the patronage of Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic. Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Roman establishments in the port cities of the region, such as a temple of Augustus and barracks for garrisoned Roman soldiers, are marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana; the only surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus.
Kulasekhara dynasty of Mahodayapuram (present- day Kodungallur), was established by Kulasekhara Varman, which ruled over a territory comprising the whole of modern Kerala and a smaller part of modern Tamil Nadu. During the early part of the Kulasekara period, the southern region from Nagerkovil to Thiruvalla was ruled by Ay kings, who lost their power in the 1. Kulasekara empire. Buddhism and Jainism disappeared from the land. After his death, in the absence of a strong central power, the state was divided into thirty small warring principalities; the most powerful of them were the kingdom of Samuthiri in the north, Venad in the south and Kochi in the middle. In the 1. 8th Century, Travancore King Sree Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma annexed all the kingdoms up to Northern Kerala through military conquests, resulting in the rise of Travancore to pre- eminence in Kerala.
The Kochi ruler sued for peace with Anizham Thirunal and Malabar came under direct British rule until India became independent. However, the dominance of Middle East traders was challenged in the European Age of Discovery during which the spice trade, particularly in black pepper, became an influential activity for European traders. However, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his jurisdiction provoked the Zamorin and led to conflicts between them. The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between the Zamorin and the King of Kochi allied with Kochi. When Francisco de Almeida was appointed as Viceroy of Portuguese India in 1. Fort Kochi (Fort Emmanuel) rather than in Kozhikode.
During his reign, the Portuguese managed to dominate relations with Kochi and established a few fortresses on the Malabar Coast. In 1. 57. 1, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at Chaliyam fort. In the Malabar Rebellion, Mappila Muslims of Malabar rioted against Hindu zamindars and the British Raj. Namboodiripad resulted from the first elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1. Lying between northern latitudes 8. The state has a coast of 5.
The average length of the rivers is 6. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rain. The rivers face problems such as sand mining and pollution.
The state was also affected by the 2. Indian Ocean Tsunami. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. During the summer, the state is prone to gale- force winds, storm surges, cyclone- related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level.
Three quarters of the land area of Kerala was under thick forest up to 1. Out of the 4,0. 00 flowering plant species; 1,2. Kerala, 9. 00 are medicinal, and 1. Altogether, 2. 4% of Kerala is forested. Subjected to extensive clearing for cultivation in the 2.
In the forests, sonokeling, Dalbergia latifolia, anjili, mullumurikku, Erythrina, and Cassia number among the more than 1,0. Kerala. Other plants include bamboo, wild black pepper, wild cardamom, the calamusrattan palm, and aromatic vetiver grass, Vetiveria zizanioides.
Kerala's birds include the Malabar trogon, the great hornbill, Kerala laughingthrush, darter and southern hill myna. In the lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as kadu; stinging catfish and choottachi; orange chromide—Etroplus maculatus are found. The districts which serve as administrative regions for taxation purposes are further subdivided into 7. Kerala's taluks are further sub- divided into 1,4.
The Kannur District surrounds Mah. Strikes, protests and marches are ubiquitous in Kerala because of the comparatively strong presence of labour unions. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker and in the Speaker's absence, by the Deputy Speaker. The state has 1. 40 assembly constituencies. Each district has a district administrator appointed by government called District collector for executive administration. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. Substantial administrative, legal and financial powers are delegated to these bodies to ensure efficient decentralisation.
From the 1. 99. 0s, liberalisation of the mixed economy allowed onerous Licence Raj restrictions against capitalism and foreign direct investment to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and an increase in employment. In the fiscal year 2.
GSDP) was . GSDP growth; 9. In 2. 00. 8, the Persian Gulf countries together had a Keralite population of more than 2. US$6. 8. 1 billion, which is the highest among Indian states and more than 1. India in 2. 00. 8. In 2. 01. 1–2. 01. GDP, agriculture and allied sectors contributed 1.
India's first coir factory was set up in Alleppey in 1. As per the 2. 00.
SIDBI, there are 1,4. Kerala employing 3,0. It was the first technology park in India. The state has a second major IT hub, the Infopark centred in Kochi with .
Kochi also has another major project Smart. City under construction, built in partnership with Dubai Government. A third major IT Hub is under construction centred around Kozhikode known as Cyberpark. The Grand Kerala Shopping Festival (GKSF) was started in 2. Kerala with huge tax discounts, VAT refunds and huge array of prizes. Its non- tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Kerala reached . In 2. 01. 3, capital expenditure rose 3.
Rice is the staple crop of the state. Though the contribution of agricultural sector to the state economy was on the decline in 2. In the 2. 01. 3–1. The total growth of the farm sector has recorded a 4. The agricultural sector has a share of 9. Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Price, while the secondary and tertiary sectors has contributed 2.
The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 6. In 2. 00. 6, around 2. Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala.
This phenomenon is locally called chakara. Another 1. 13 fishing villages dot the hinterland. Kerala's coastal belt of Karunagappally is known for high background radiation from thorium- containing monazite sand. In some coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 m.
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